Dr. Gyawali previously released a Medscape video discussing key learning lessons from the ESMO 2025 annual meeting – watch it here! He continues this discussion in a new Medscape video focusing on prognostic and predictive markers, as it was frequently touched on during the ESMO 2025 meeting.
Using examples from trials presented at ESMO 2025, Dr. Gyawali shares the importance of making clinical decisions based on predictive markers rather than prognostic markers. Pathological complete response, for example, can be used as a prognostic marker, since patients that achieve pathological complete response will have better prognosis than others. However, this does not also mean that the drug that improved pathological complete response in trial will necessarily improve survival, and thus it cannot be used alone to make decisions. Dr. Gyawali goes on to talk about trial power and how that influences the significance of results, informative censoring and how it should be interpreted, and trials utilizing combination treatments – the “contribution-of-component.”
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Dr. Bishal Gyawali 
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